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Articles (105)

Requests for Admissions in Employment Litigation
Each case turns on its own facts. However, employment litigants rarely have all of the facts that they need to prove their claims. Instead, they must usually obtain documents and testimony from the em... applies to All States

Americans with Disabilities Act
The Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) prohibits discrimination against qualified individuals with disabilities. 42 USC 12101 et seq. A qualified individual with a disability is an individual with ... applies to All States

Document Requests in Employment Litigation
Each case turns on its own facts. However, the parties rarely have in their possession all of the facts in a case. Instead, they must usually obtain documents and testimony from the opposing party and... applies to All States

Qualified Privilege Protects Florida Employers from Employee Reference Defamation Suits
An employer is presumed immune from a defamation claim for disclosing untrue information about an employee’s job performance if the untrue information is: 1. Published to a prospective employer; 2. ... applies to Florida

Physician non-competition agreements in Michigan
Michigan non-competition agreement law states that an employer may protect an employer's reasonable competitive business interests, but its protection in terms of duration, geographical scope, and the... applies to Michigan

Filing sexual harassment claims in Illinois
Victims of sexual harassment in Illinois can vindicate their right to be free from sexual harassment under Illinois law by filing a charge or claim with the Illinois Department Human Rights, with the ... applies to Illinois

Family and Care Giver Discrimination, Harassment and Discharge
Family responsibility discrimination is an emerging area of discrimination law. Although no specific law designates a family care giver as a protected class, a number of laws protect people with famil... applies to Florida

Summary of ADA Amendments Act of 2008 (ADAAA)
On September 25, 2008, President Bush signed the ADA Amendment Act (ADAAA) into law. It's effective date is January 1, 2009. The U.S. Senate and the U.S. House of Representatives both unanimously pass... applies to All States

Interrogatories in Employment Litigation
Each case turns on its own facts. However, employment litigants rarely have all of the facts that they need to prove their claims in their possession. Instead, they must usually obtain documents and t... applies to All States

Motions to Compel and Protective Orders in Employment Litigation
The Rules of Civil Procedure ("Civil Rules") provide the parties with tools to get the facts that are in the possession of the others. If the others refuse to disclose the facts, provide documents or ... applies to All States

Depositions in Employment Litigation
Each case turns on its own facts. However, employment litigants rarely have all of the facts that they need to prove their claims. Instead, they must usually obtain documents and testimony from the em... applies to All States

Ohio Minimum Wage with Treble Damages and Attorneys Fees
On November 7, 2006 Ohio voters passed the Ohio Constitutional Minimum Wage , which amended Ohio’s constitution to require employers to pay a minimum wage of $6.85 per hour. The amount of the minimu... applies to Ohio

Guide to Employer FMLA Notices with DOL Approved FMLA Forms
A. Employer Notices The 2008 FMLA regulations require four separate types of Employer notices: “General notice,” which means the poster listing employees’ FMLA rights, plus a new a requirement t... applies to All States

Rescinding Non-compete Agreements after the Employer's Breach
Some states will not enforce a non-compete clause if the party seeking enforcement previously breached a material provision of the contract containing the covenant not to compete. The breach must be m... applies to All States

Help for Non-competition Problems
Non-competition agreements can block promising career paths. Even so, every state enforces them, but within limits. For help solving your non-compete problems, learn the limits. Neil Klingshirn has wr... applies to All States

Family and Medical Leave Act 2008 Rule Changes.
The Department of Labor issued final changes to its Family and Medical Leave Act (FMLA) rules, which took effect on January 16, 2009. These changes include the new leave related to military service me... applies to All States

Overview of the Constructive Discharge Doctrine
A constructive discharge describes an employee's decision to resign because the employer made the terms and conditions of employment so miserable that reasonable people would resign. Under those circu... applies to All States

Ohio Physicians and Doctor non-competition agreements
Non-competition agreements are generally disfavored in the medical profession, but they are not per se unenforceable. Ohio Urology, Inc. v. Poll (1991), 72 Ohio App.3d 446, 451; General Med., P.C. v. ... applies to Ohio

Defamation by an Employer
An employee may have a claim for defamation where an employer publishes a false statement of fact that harms the employee's reputation, unless the employer had a qualified privilege for making the sta... applies to All States

Enforcability of Texas Non-competition Agreements.
To be enforceable under Texas law, a non-compete must be: ancillary to or part of an otherwise enforceable agreement at the time the agreement is made; to the extent it contains limitations as to time... applies to Texas

Fighting Florida Non-competition agreements
Many Florida employees believe that, just because an employer forced them to sign a non compete agreement or be fired, they are not bound by the non-compete agreement. That is just not true. Continued... applies to Florida

Arizona Non-competition Agreement Law
Historically, Arizona courts viewed covenants not to compete unlawful restraints of trade. Eventually, Arizona courts began to enforce ancillary restraints on competition, such as those incident to em... applies to Arizona

Non-competition Agreements in Ohio - History and Law
History of non-competition agreements in Ohio As in other states, Ohio courts at one time viewed noncompetition agreements with some skepticism. Agreements in restraint of trade, including noncompetit... applies to Ohio

Indiana Non-competition Law
Indiana courts disfavor covenants not to compete, which they view as in restraint of trade. Harvest Ins. Agency, Inc. v. Inter-Ocean Ins. Co. 492 N.E.2d 686 (Ind. 1986). Indiana courts strictly constr... applies to Indiana

Trade Secrets Overview
A trade secret is information that is not known to the public, that its owner takes steps to keep from public knowledge and that has value because it is not known to the public. The owners of trade se... applies to All States

Florida's Statutory History for Non-Compete Agreements
Florida law governing non-compete agreements has gone through three major variations since 1953. The enforceability of a covenant not to compete under Florida law is governed by the law in effect at t... applies to Florida

Right to Vote without Employer Interference or Threat of Discharge
Ohio's Right to Vote law states: No employer, his officer or agent, shall discharge or threaten to discharge an elector for taking a reasonable amount of time to vote on election day; or require or or... applies to Ohio

Overview of U.S. Non-competition Agreements
A non-competition agreement, also know as a covenant not to compete, is a promise by an employee not to compete with his or her employer for a specified time, in a particular place or in a particular ... applies to All States

Michigan Non-competition Agreement Law
The Michigan Antitrust Reform Act generally prohibits any "contract, combination, or conspiracy between 2 or more persons in restraint of, or to monopolize, trade or commerce." Mich. Comp. Laws § 445... applies to Michigan

Families First Coronavirus Response Act - An analysis of House Bill 6201
On March 19, 2020 the Senate passed the Families First Coronavirus Response Act to address some employment impacts of the coronavirus and COVID-19. It was a much smaller version of the Act that passed... applies to All States

Military Employment Leave: Uniformed Services Employment and Reemployment Rights
Federal USERRA The Uniformed Services Employment and Reemployment Rights Act of 1994 (USERRA) was signed into law on October 13, 1994. USERRA clarifies and strengthens the Veterans' Reemployment Right... applies to All States

Illinois Non-competition Agreement Law
Illinois courts are reluctant to enforce restrictive covenants and scrutinize them carefully. Nevertheless, Illinois courts will enforce a restrictive covenant if it is ancillary to another transactio... applies to Illinois

Virginia Non-competition Law
Restrictive covenants are disfavored in Virginia as restraints on trade. Virginia courts will enforce restraints in non-competes only if the restraint is: reasonable in that it is no greater than nece... applies to Virginia

Florida Whistleblower's Act Protects Employees of the Government and Companies that Contract with Florida Governments
The Florida legislature enacted the Florida whistleblower's Act, Fl. Stat. 112.3187 in 1986 to prevent state and local government agencies ("Agencies,") and the companies that contract with Agencies (... applies to Florida

Overtime Wages When Carrying and Using a Pager or Cell Phone After-hours for Your Employer
Employees are often asked to carry a pager or cell phone after regular work hours to respond to customer calls or emergencies. Sometimes, the employee is not compensated for the time spent carrying th... applies to All States

Choice of Law in Non-compete Cases
Non-compete laws vary significantly from state to state. California law favors employees, while Ohio law recognizes and protects most employer interests. Thus, the law that a court chooses to apply to... applies to All States

New York Non-competition Law
New York state courts enforce post-employment non-competition agreements under certain circumstances, but their examination of restrictive covenants is rigorous. New York courts adhere to a strict app... applies to New York

Sexual Harassment under Illinois Law Defined
The Illinois Human Rights Act, 775 ILCS 5/2-102(D) prohibits: Any employer, employee, agent of any employer, employment agency or labor organization to engage in sexual harassment; provided, that an e... applies to Illinois

COBRA premium subsidy under the Economic Stimulus Package
The American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 (ARRA), better known as the economic stimulus package, provides "assistance eligible individuals" a 65% subsidy towards their COBRA continuation cove... applies to All States

USERRA Overview
Federal USERRA The Uniformed Services Employment and Reemployment Rights Act of 1994 (USERRA) was signed into law on October 13, 1994. USERRA clarifies and strengthens the Veterans' Reemployment Right... applies to All States

Defamation in the Illinois Workplace
Current and former employees are sometimes targets of false statements made in the workplace. Defamation is a tort action which allows the employee who was wronged (plaintiff) to recover for harm to h... applies to Illinois

How to Value Claims for Severance Negotiations
This article describes a process for employment lawyers to use to place a value on a severance pay offer. It involves identifying claims, identifying the damages associated with those claims, discount... applies to All States

Sexual harassment by a co-worker
Sexual harassment involves: unwelcome sexual advances; requests for sexual favors, and other verbal or physical conduct that is based on sex. Sexually harassing conduct is unlawful if it: adversely af... applies to All States

Closing the Severance Pay Negotiation with Non-economic Terms
The amount of severance that an employer is willing to pay an employee, though usually the single most important item addressed in severance negotiations, is only one severance issue. Additional issue... applies to All States

WARN Act Requires 60 Days Notice for Plant Closings and Mass Layoffs
The Worker Adjustment Retraining and Notification Act ("WARN") requires employers to provide 60 days advance written notice of a "plant closing" and "mass layoffs." This article defines a mass layoff ... applies to All States

The Role of Contracts in Employment Law
Contracts play a central role in employment law. The most basic employment arrangement, at-will employment, is purely contractual in nature. Floyd v. DuBois Soap Co. (1942), 139 Ohio St. 520, 530-531,... applies to All States

California Non-competition Law
At one time California courts enforced contractual restraints on competition as long as they were reasonably imposed. However, in 1872 California adopted a public policy favoring open competition and ... applies to California

Tortious Interference Involving Non-Competition Agreements
In most states, a third party cannot interfere with the contractual or prospective business relationships between two other parties, absent a proper purpose. This claim is known as “tortious interfe... applies to All States

How to Find and Select Good Employment Lawyers
Good employment lawyers are like good mechanics. They tell you what you need, suggest the best way to get it, are skilled at their craft and present you with a reasonable bill. Good employment lawyers... applies to All States

Pennsylvania Non-competition agreements
“Non-competition” or “noncompete” agreements are one of a particular kind of contract, termed “restrictive covenants,” under Pennsylvania law. As in most states, noncompetition agreements ... applies to Pennsylvania

Overview of COBRA Health Insurance Continuation Rights
COBRA is a federal law that requires group health plans to continue covering an employee after the employee's employment has ended. COBRA stands for the Consolidated Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act,... applies to All States

Arbitration of Employment Disputes
The federal arbitration act (FAA), 9 U.S.C. § 1, et seq . and Ohio’s arbitration act ORC § 2711.01 et seq. , both direct a court to stay trial of a matter that is the subject of a written arbitrat... applies to Ohio

What is the ADA?
Enter your article here While the American With Disabilities Act (ADA) has several components, the portion I am going to talk about right now is Title I which pertains to discrimination in employment ... applies to All States

When Your FMLA Leave Expires in California
One of the more common mistakes that employers make with regard to employees' medical leave and disability rights under ADA and FEHA is assuming that just because an employee's FMLA or CFRA leave has ... applies to California

The EEOC Announces Multiple Six Figure Settlements of 100% Healed Cases.
100% Healed Policies: A Recipe for Disaster. The Equal Employment Opportunity Commission recently announced six figure settlements of multiple federal lawsuits alleging employer failures to accommodat... applies to All States

8 Main Disability Discrimination Questions
What are the 8 Main Disability Discrimination Questions? California is an at-will employment state. As an at-will employee in California, an individual may be terminated for any reason or no reason at... applies to All States

4 Things To Know About Leaves Of Absence And Wrongful Termination
Have you ever wondered what would happen if you became very ill suddenly and couldn’t go to work? What if your child or spouse became ill or he or she was severely injured in an accident; would ... applies to California

4 Things an Employee Should Know About Filing a Disability Discrimination Claim
“You’re too slow for this job”, “people like you are lazy”, “you’re a freak”. Americans with disabilities endure all kinds of hateful treatment, but wha... applies to California

5 Important Questions Asked about Disability Discrimination and Wrongful Termination
Some employees enjoy being challenged in their work while others find pleasure in doing work that doesn’t feel like work at all. But what about employees who feel like they are being set up for ... applies to All States

3 Basic Points About Employee Rights You Need To Know
3 Basic Points About Employee Rights You Need To Know Have you ever wondered what would happen if you lost your job because you were in an accident and needed time off? What if a new manager was hired... applies to All States

6 Nuances of Disability Discrimination Law in California
Under California state law, workers with a disability are protected against several forms of discrimination in employment practices. Employers subject to this legislation cannot base employment decisi... applies to California

3 Ways Employment Law Measures Disability Discrimination
Rather than asking the question of ‘if’ an individual is disabled, the laws that regulate disability discrimination attempts to measure ‘how much’ a person is impaired by their... applies to California

Faragher-Ellerth Defense No Longer Available to Employers Under New York City Human Rights Law
In May 2010, the New York Court of Appeals in Zakrzewska v. The New Sch ool held that an employer’s defense to a claim of harassment when the employer is able to demonstrate that it took reasonable ... applies to New York

3 Ways You Didn’t Know You’re Being Discriminated Against at Work
Setting fire to your manager’s desk in some countries may earn you a verbal warning. Well, that may be an exaggeration, but basically, unlike California, there are places in the world where ... applies to All States

3 Examples of Invasions of Privacy in the Workplace
Unlike other states, California has a special protection of privacy written into its constitution, which says citizens have certain inalienable rights, including “pursuing and obtaining safety, ... applies to California

5 Ways to Avoid Conflict When You Take a Leave of Absence
Injuries, illnesses, family emergencies, and accidents happen but what if it happens to an employee? Employees in California do have rights when it comes to a leave of absence for particular reasons. ... applies to California

Change in Employer Wage Notification Requirements
Effective April 9, 2011 the New York Wage Theft Protection Act of 2010 has substantially modified the existing wage notification requirements under New York Labor Law Section 195. Under prior law, an ... applies to New York

4 Ways You May Become a Victim of Wrongful Termination
4 Ways You May Become a Victim of Wrongful Termination Wrongful termination is where an employer fires an employee for an illegal reason. Some illegal reasons may be if an employer fires an employee b... applies to All States

5 Disabilities that May Be Protected By Employment Law
5 Disabilities that May Be Protected By Employment Law Disability discrimination is where an employer refuses to acknowledge your impairment as a disability and treats you adversely based on your disa... applies to California

Josh Morrow Workplace Fairness Fund for Employment Litigation Court Costs.
The Josh Morrow Workplace Fairness Fund provides loans to attorneys representing employees in litigation against their employers. Loans must be repaid from any recovery but are generally forgiven if t... applies to All States

5 Employees who are Targets of Discrimination and/or Wrongful Termination
5 Employees who are Targets of Discrimination and/or Wrongful Termination Employees in California are considered at-will employees . This means if you are employed in California, unlike other States, ... applies to All States

Florida's Statutory History for Non-Compete Agreements
Non-Compete agreements have gone through three major variations since. Prior to 1953 1953 - 1996 1996 - Present The enforceability of a covenant not to compete under Florida law is governed by the law... applies to Florida

9 Things Job Hunters With a Disability Should Know
1. Where do my rights come from? When it comes to disability discrimination , there are a few different sources of rights an employee may use to defend himself or herself from mistreatment. Depending ... applies to California

USERRA
Enter your article here Reemployment Rights Act (USERRA). The Uniformed Services Employment and Reemployment Rights Act of 1994 is a federal law intended to ensure that persons who serve or have serve... applies to All States

5 Things You Didn’t Know About Being Forced to Quit
If your boss fires you for an illegal reason you can assume you should call an Employment Attorney to discuss a potential suit against the organization for wrongful termination at the very least, but ... applies to California

What if My Former Employer Says Bad Things About Me?
Enter your article here On many occasions employees ask whether or not they have a legal claim against their former employer or employers for giving bad references or saying bad things about them. The... applies to All States

5 Things You Didn’t Know About Being Forced to Quit
If your boss fires you for an illegal reason you can assume you should call a wrongful termination attorney to discuss a potential suit against the organization for wrongful termination at the very le... applies to All States

3 Ways You May be a Victim of the Retaliation and Constrictive Discharge Hybrid
In a perfect world, employees could go to work knowing they would not be mistreated by their employer or superiors. However, we don’t live in a perfect world and employees are subjected to unspe... applies to All States

Who is Considered an Immediate “family member” for purposes of taking FMLA Leave?
As if working hard for that promotion or striving for better shifts wasn’t hard enough, what happens when the unexpected throws you off course? Becoming extremely ill, being injured in an accide... applies to All States

3 Things To Know About Taking a Leave From Work
3 Things To Know About Taking a Leave From Work It is early in the morning, the sun has yet to rise, and the alarm on your phone goes off. Work is hours away but this is the alarm you set is for yours... applies to All States

City of Tulsa settles pregnancy discriminition case
The City of Tulsa has settled a pregnancy discrimination case filed by a former employee in the public works department. In 2011, the City of Tulsa hired Qamar Herd three weeks before her scheduled de... applies to Oklahoma

How to prevent sexual harassment in the workplace
Do you know how to prevent sexual harassment in the workplace ? Although sexual harassment within the workplace is against the law in California, it remains a hot-button issue in the media as well as ... applies to All States

Tipped Employees Under the Fair Labor Standards Act
Enter your article here In many instances these days, employees are coming to my office with questions about tips, what hourly rate an employee who gets tips must be paid and whether an employer may r... applies to All States

3 Types Of Sexual Harassment At The Workplace
What are the 3 Types of Sexual Harassment at the workplace? California’s Constitution protects employees from being harassed within the workplace. Employees and employers should be familiar with... applies to All States

What Are My Employment Rights if I am or Become Pregnant?
As society continues to advance, Americans are living longer, maintaining their car eers, and deciding to have children a little later in life. Most adults today want it all and employment laws, espec... applies to All States

Do I need to provide a doctor’s note to verify the need for a medical leave of absence?
Taking a medical leave of absence is not ideal for an employee or their employer, but it happens. The law recognizes that sometimes things happen in an employee’s life that they have little or n... applies to All States

7 Things You Didn’t Know About Medical Leave Of Absence From Work
Currently, a majority of employees in California struggle with work-life balance. An individual may be striving for that promotion at work, finding time to go to their kid’s soccer game, praying... applies to All States

I’ve been fired! : 3 Ways Termination Can Become ‘Wrongful Termination’
1. Sexual Harassment and Revenge It’s hard enough as it is to tell your tinder date after the first meet-up that you’re just not that into them. Perhaps you do it over text or ghost them a... applies to California

4 Ways Employment Law Addresses Sex Discrimination
In 2019, especially in California, society has gravitated to a more forward-thinking attitude towards the way sex and gender is understood. Ideas of what is considered “normal” or the very... applies to California

Applicants and Temporary Employees are afforded the Same Rights as Regular Employees Under FEHA
A decrease in unemployment rates leaves job-applicants vulnerable to sexual harassment . In June 2017, California’s Employment Development Department reported that the unemployment rate dropped ... applies to All States

5 Tricky Sexual Harassment Situations
1. Where did all the love go? While it is not exactly against the law to date a co-worker, superior, or an underling, it does tend to complicate things legally, especially when things turn sour. There... applies to All States

New York Sexual Harassment Protections
What is workplace sexual harassment? Sexual harassment in the workplace covers unwelcome physical contact, demanding sexual favors for employment benefits, and hostile work environments. Hiring manage... applies to New York

10 Signs You might be a Victim of Sexual Harassment at Work
1. You feel uncomfortable Sexual harassment , to a degree, is measured subjectively and takes the expression “bad vibes” to a whole new level. Although the workplace is to remain professio... applies to All States

3 Types of Issues Employment Lawyers May Handle
From suing a dry cleaning service for losing a pair of pants to filing for the return of a kidney, people today will sue for the craziest things. In order to sue for all of these wacky claims, there n... applies to All States

5 Awkward Sexual Harassment Situations at Work
Getting your dream job, let alone a job in general already comes equipped with jumping through hoops and competing with other eager job seekers. Just getting invited to come in for an interview is a m... applies to All States

3 Illegal Ways Employers Punish You for Taking Time Off
Employees have certain rights to leaves of absence from work. When they are entitled to time off, the employer cannot punish them for taking it. When employers do punish employees for legally protecte... applies to California

3 Ways You are Being Sexually Harassed and Didn’t Know
Every day a Sexual Harassment Lawyer is called regarding questions about sexual harassment that took place at an employee’s work. Although it is an unfortunate matter, the fact remains that sexu... applies to All States

4 Situations Where an Employer May Retaliate
4 Situations Where an Employer May Retaliate Retaliation is a type of practice that is deemed unlawful under employment laws. An employee may experience retaliation when he or she makes a complaint ab... applies to All States

5 Awkward Sexual Harassment Situations at Work
5 Awkward Sexual Harassment Situations at Work Getting your dream job, let alone a job in general already comes equipped with jumping through hoops and competing with other eager job seekers. Just get... applies to All States

4 Reasons Why the Law Protects Whistleblowers
Before protective laws were enacted through Congress, workers couldn’t feel confident in reporting malfeasance throughout the workplace due to backlash and ostracization by superiors. Those empl... applies to All States

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